谁嫁给了Louis XVI of France？

Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; French: [lwi sɛːz]; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. The son of Louis, Dauphin of France (son and heir apparent of King Louis XV), and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Louis became the new Dauphin when his father died in 1765. In 1770, he married Marie Antoinette. He became King of France and Navarre on his paternal grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, and reigned until the abolition of the monarchy on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of king of the French.

The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to increase tolerance toward non-Catholics as well as abolishing the death penalty for deserters. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation. Louis implemented deregulation of the grain market, advocated by his economic liberal minister Turgot, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it led to food scarcity which, during a particularly bad harvest in 1775, prompted the masses to revolt. From 1776, Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realised in the Treaty of Paris (1783). The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the ancien régime.

This led to the convening of the Estates General of 1789. Discontent among France's middle and lower classes intensified opposition to the French aristocracy and the absolute monarchy led by Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. Tensions progressively rose, punctuated by violent riots such as the storming of the Bastille, which forced Louis to recognize the legislative authority of the National Assembly.

Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism toward the demands of the Estates led many to despise him as the embodiment of ancien régime tyranny, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His unsuccessful flight to Varennes in June 1791 seemed to confirm suspicions that the king hoped for foreign intervention to restore his power, deeply undermining his legitimacy. Four months later, the constitutional monarchy was declared, and the replacement of the monarchy with a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The growth of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the dîme (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the dechristianization of France.

With the outbreak of civil and international war, Louis XVI was arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. One month later, the monarchy was abolished and the French First Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. The former king became a desacralized French citizen, addressed as Citoyen (Citizen) Louis Capet in reference to his ancestor Hugh Capet. Louis was tried by the National Convention (self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Louis XVI's death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the Bourbon Restoration; his only child to reach adulthood, Marie Thérèse, was released to her Austrian relatives in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851.

瑪麗-安東妮‧約瑟芬‧珍妮‧德‧哈布斯堡-洛林（法語：Marie-Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne de Habsbourg-Lorraine，德語：Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen，1755年11月2日—1793年10月16日），簡稱瑪麗-安東妮（法語：Marie-Antoinette），於1755年11月2日出生於奧地利維也納，於1793年10月16日被送上斷頭台，在巴黎的革命廣場被處決。她自1774年至1791年間為法國和納瓦拉的王后，1791年至1792年間則為「法國人之王后」。她是舊制度下的最後一位王后。

她是奧地利的大公、神聖羅馬帝國的皇室公主、匈牙利與波希米亞的王室公主，也是奧地利女皇瑪麗亞·特蕾莎與神聖羅馬帝國皇帝神聖羅馬皇帝法蘭茲一世的倒數第二個孩子，也是最小的女兒。

她於1770年與法國王太子路易-奧古斯特結婚，當時年僅十四歲，因此成為法國的王太子妃。她的丈夫後來成為法國國王路易十六，於1774年登基，而她也隨之成為法國王后。婚後八年，她誕下長女瑪麗-泰蕾茲，是四個孩子中的第一個。她後來因被指與法國敵國（特別是她的故國奧地利）關係密切而失去民心，再加上「項鍊事件」──雖然她並未涉案，實為宮廷中人受騙的一場離奇詐騙事件──更加重了她的惡名。她被冠上如「奧地利女人」（l'Autrichienne）、「赤字夫人」（Madame Déficit）等貶義稱號。與她的丈夫一樣，她不喜歡宮廷生活的束縛，偏愛獨處時光，特別是在凡爾賽宮的王后村莊（hameau de la Reine）。

法國大革命初期，她與王室成員一同被安置在杜樂麗宮內接受軟禁。1791年一家人企圖逃往瓦雷訥失敗，連帶她在第一反法同盟戰爭中的角色，也使她的聲望更加惡化。1792年，王室被囚禁於巴黎聖殿監獄，法國君主制度也被廢除。隨著路易十六於1793年1月21日被處決，王后也於同年10月14日被送上革命法庭受審。兩天後，她因「叛國罪」被判處死刑，年僅37歲。後世將她視為一位兼具魅力與悲劇色彩的全球性歷史偶像。