谁嫁给了弗雷德里克二世？

弗雷德里克二世（丹麥語：Frederik 2.，1534年7月1日-1588年4月4日）奥尔登堡王朝的丹麦和挪威国王（1559年～1588年在位）。是一個典型的文藝復興統治者。

弗雷德里克二世为丹麦和挪威国王克里斯蒂安三世之子，母亲是萨克森-劳恩堡公爵马格努斯一世的女儿多罗西亚·冯·萨克森-劳恩堡。与他那谨慎的父亲不同，弗雷德里克二世倾向于军事冒险。他在年轻时代就与德意志那些争战不休的王公们过从甚密。即位后，弗雷德里克二世试图推行加强王权的改革，遭到强大的丹麦贵族（以国会为代表）的强烈抵制。

弗雷德里克二世在位第一年就发动对外战争，进攻位于迪特马申的一个独立的农民共和国。结果他成功地将此地征服，取得第一个军事胜利。不久他又卷入了立窝尼亚战争。鉴于立窝尼亚骑士团已完全无力抵抗俄国沙皇伊凡四世的猛烈攻势，弗雷德里克二世于1560年出兵兼并骑士团领地萨雷马岛，企图建立缓冲并参与瓜分行将灭亡的骑士团的领土立窝尼亚地区。

弗雷德里克二世统治时期最重要的事件是1563年至1570年与瑞典的战争（所谓北方七年战争）。瑞典国王埃里克十四世企图通过战争取得在北欧的霸权，并因此与西班牙结盟；弗雷德里克二世则想要夺回丹麦在波罗的海地区的传统优势。战争初期丹麦占据上风，从海上封锁瑞典，并于1563年攻克瑞典的艾尔夫斯堡要塞。但是瑞典海军在1565年打破了丹麦的封锁，侵入霍兰和斯堪尼亚。战争演变成开支巨大的消耗战，弗雷德里克二世与贵族的关系急剧恶化。

幸运的是，瑞典内部的矛盾阻止了它继续打击丹麦。1568年，埃里克十四世在内战中被其异母弟约翰三世推翻。强有力的丹麦政治家佩德尔·奥克斯稳定了丹麦国内的局势，取代弗雷德里克二世掌握了国家权力。奧克斯的財經能力廣受好評，執政後趁著1568年尼德蘭對西班牙發起獨立戰爭的機會，把松德海峽的航運稅提高了一半，大幅改善財政並得以勉強支付北方七年戰爭的軍費支出，之後又利用國際調停與两年的艰苦谈判，讓战争以一个实际维持战前状态的和约结束。根据1570年12月13日签订的什切青条约，瑞典赎回艾尔夫斯堡，它的扩张暂时受到遏制。

通过这场战争，弗雷德里克二世认识到了丹麦军事能力的有限。他转而开始关注海上力量，藉由把美洲白銀運回丹麥的丹麥商船，使國計民生大大地改善了。弗雷德里克二世同情宗教改革运动，但也只是在口头上给以支持而已，不過當1585年原來尼德蘭的經貿中心安特衛普最後被西班牙的天主教軍攻陷時，許多當地的新教徒先後逃到丹麥來，這些新教徒在工藝、經商上有傑出能力，對丹麥的經濟、文化頗有助益，譬如克隆堡（哈姆雷特發生之地）就被這批工藝師傅改建成美輪美奐的王宮，洋溢著文藝復興建築的壯麗風格。

弗雷德里克二世曾向英格兰女王伊丽莎白一世求婚，並終生保持著良好關係，英、丹兩國間的爭議總能和平解決，譬如英國承認挪威與格陵蘭之間的水域為丹麥的領海，而丹麥對英國船隻則特別優惠地只收取象徵性的航運稅，結果弗雷德里克因此獲頒英國的嘉德勳章。不過，实际处理国际事务时，在位後期的弗雷德里克明智地保持中立，不插手英、法對西班牙的戰事，或者是立窩尼亞戰爭的後期戰事（特別是在1577年完全退出俄、波間的戰爭）。有经验的国务活动家们，如佩德尔·奥克斯、尼尔斯·卡斯和克里斯托弗·瓦尔肯多夫实际上管理着国内事务。

在性格上，弗雷德里克二世是一个鲁莽、自负、好大喜功的人。他热衷于打猎，喜欢喝酒；许多人相信他最终是死于酗酒。弗雷德里克二世在位時期是丹麥國力與財富的增長期，他在国内建设上也取得不少成果：在1574年～1585年间重建了赫尔辛格的克隆堡城堡；挪威城市腓特烈斯塔也是他在1576年所建立，并以其名字命名。弗雷德里克二世也是伟大的丹麦天文学家第谷·布拉赫（克卜勒為其學生）的资助人。

弗雷德里克二世于1588年去世，遗体安葬在罗斯基勒大教堂。

Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (Sophia; 4 September 1557 – 4 October 1631) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1572 to 1588 as the wife of Frederick II. She was the mother of Christian IV and Anne of Denmark, and served as regent of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein from 1590 to 1594. Especially noted for her effective management of her extensive dower lands and a large credit operation, which made her one of the wealthiest landowners and financiers of her time, she was an influential political figure in Northern Europe.

The only child of Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Elizabeth of Denmark, Sophie married her first cousin Frederick in 1572, aged fourteen. Their union is widely described as unusually affectionate for the period. As queen, she maintained her own household and patronages and pursued interests in natural philosophy, astrology, alchemy, chemistry and iatrochemistry. She supported scholars including Anders Vedel and Tycho Brahe, whom she visited on Ven in 1586 and later. She did not, however, exercise formal political power during the reign of her husband. Following Frederick’s death in 1588, Sophie sought to lead the regency for the underage Christian IV, bringing her into conflict with the Council of the Realm. Although she did not prevail in directing the royal regency, she was recognised by the Danish nobility and Emperor Rudolf II as regent in the duchies until 1594, after which she withdrew to her dower lands, consisting of Lolland and Falster. From there she continued to intervene in affairs of state through correspondence, credit, and marriage diplomacy, arranging advantageous Protestant alliances for her daughters and for Christian IV with the houses of Stuart, Welf (Brunswick-Lüneburg), Hohenzollern (Brandenburg), Holstein-Gottorp and Wettin (Saxony), often contributing substantial funds for jewellery and dowries herself.

As dowager, Sophie reorganised her dower estate's administration, undertook agrarian improvements, and operated an extensive lending business. By advancing large loans at interest, among others to Christian IV, James VI and I and several German princes, she secured influence over policy and wartime finance. Drawing on her "inexhaustible coffers", she provided financial support to the Danish–Norwegian realm, subsidising major royal initiatives in construction and warfare. By contemporary and modern accounts she amassed an extraordinary fortune, becoming the richest woman in Northern Europe and, by some assessments, the second-wealthiest individual in Europe after Maximilian I of Bavaria. At her death, James Howell, secretary to the English Ambassador in Denmark, described her as the “richest Queen in Christendom".

Sophie’s political role extended beyond finance. Through steady correspondence and mediation among Protestant courts, she influenced Danish foreign policy during the confessional conflicts of her son’s reign, participating in efforts to form a Protestant league, and conducting considerable diplomacy in the early phases of the Thirty Years’ War. Historians note that through these strategies she “[financed] diplomacy and war”, and her efforts contributed to the diplomatic course leading to the Treaty of Lübeck (1629), which ended Denmark’s active participation in the conflict.

Earlier historiography often minimised or disparaged her agency, dismissing her as power-hungry and rapacious. However, some 19th-century writers, notably Ellen Jørgensen, praised her “unparalleled skill” and “indomitable resourcefulness”. Recent scholarship reassesses her widowhood and emphasises her entrepreneurship and, in particular, her capacity to entrench herself as a pervasive force within the political landscape of late Reformation Denmark and northern Europe. She died at Nykøbing Castle in 1631 and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.